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Envisioning and Designing an Application
• A business requirement defines what the business believes to be important for the success of a project.
• The Smart client is deployed through a Web browser but runs it as a Windows application on a client’s computer.
• Use the appropriate criteria to evaluate the requirements for an application.
• The available ASP.NET client technologies are standard browser-based client, AJAX-enabled client, smart client, Microsoft office client, and Windows mobile client.
• Choose the appropriate security requirement with respect to security.
• An ASP.NET application can be divided into three logical layers: User Interface, Middle Tier, and Database layers.
• UML class diagram is a static structure that represents classes and relationships between the classes.
• Define relationships between entities so that the database can ensure that the data stored in the database is consistent and integral.
• The strings, numbers, date and time, and Boolean data types are used to determine the manner in which they are to be stored in a specific schema.
• Use the DROP TABLE Table_Name statement to remove a table from a database, commit all pending transactions, and drop all indexes that are based on the table.
• Use the TRUNCATE TABLE Table_Name statement to truncate a table.
• Use the Data Definition Language to create a new database on a database server.
• The UPDATE statement is a Data Manipulation Language (DML) statement, which is used to change the values of specified columns in one or more rows in a table or view.
• Use the ALTER TABLE [Table name] DISABLE VALIDATE PRIMARY KEY; statement to disable a constraint.
• Create a database trigger and fire it when an INSERT statement is issued on a table.
• The ON UPDATE CASCADE constraint specifies that if an attempt is made to update a primary key value in a row, the value for the foreign key referencing the key column will also be updated with the same value.
• Triggers are special classes of stored procedures that are defined to execute automatically when an UPDATE, INSERT, or DELETE statement is issued against a table.
• Use the ORDER BY clause to perform the following operations:
  • Listing all the sales person’s identification numbers
  • Sales amount
  • Sales dates

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• MCPD: .NET 2.0 certification exam
• Create a view to prevent a user from entering the voucher amounts of more than $50,000 and use the WHERE clause to specify a search condition to restrict the rows returned.
• Use a composite index to prevent a duplicate SocialSecurityNo from being entered into a Payroll database.
• Maintain state information on a server, rather than persisting information on a client. Also, decrease the amount of information sent to the client in order to preserve state.
• Granting the UPDATE, INSERT, and REFERENCES object privileges on specific columns of a table.
• The transaction log is a serial record of all the changes that have occurred in a database. It is used during recovery operations to redo finished transactions and undo unfinished transactions.
• In a logical data model, a relationship can be identified and created between two or more tables within a database.
• In a logical data model, a FOREIGN KEY constraint is specified in a table to maintain interdependency between two tables.
• In order to create a relationship between two or more tables, it is necessary to take the following key steps:
  • A primary key column is defined in both the tables.
  • Join combines the contents of two or more tables and produces a result set that incorporates rows and columns from each table.
  • A foreign key provides a relationship between the two tables.
  • The DataRelation class also represents a parent/child relationship between two DataTable objects.
• Use data service layer, business logic layer, user service layer, and system service layers in the design of a data component model for the physical design of a retail application.
• Create a new database schema and define the data load sequence for the database.
• A user service layer in the Microsoft Solutions Framework (MSF) application model is a unit of application logic that provides a user interface in an application.
• A data service layer in the Microsoft Solutions Framework (MSF) application model is a unit of application logic that manipulates data at the lowest level of abstraction.
• A FOREIGN KEY constraint specifies that each value in a specified column or set of columns must match a value in another table’s unique or primary key column or set of columns.
• The transaction log is a serial record of all the changes that have occurred in a database. It is used during recovery operations to redo finished transactions and undo unfinished transactions.
• Full recovery model is used to recover a database from a point of failure.

Designing and Developing a Component

• Web Services Description Language (Wsdl.exe) is a tool used to generate code for XML Web services and Web service clients from WSDL, XSD schema files, and discovery documents.
• The Panel Web server control acts as a container or a parent for static texts and other Web server controls in a Web page. It creates specific areas on a Web page to provide custom appearance to other server controls.
• In order to use the Inheritance Picker dialog box to create an inherited form, the project that contains the base form must be built into an executable file or DLL.
• Filegroups are designed to optimize system performance by placing tables on one filegroup and indexes on another.
• In a SingleCall object, a new object is created whenever a message arrives. The new object then processes the message and returns an optional reply. Finally, the object created is discarded.
• Create a marshal-by-reference component and deploy it on the same computer as an application, and in other deployments the component will be deployed on a separate computer.
• The Windows NT ChallengeResponse authentication provides the highest security. It uses a cryptographic exchange of passwords in encrypted form instead of transmitting them as clear text on the Internet.
• The FileAuthorizationModule module is used when the authentication mode attribute is set to Windows in the authentication element and checks against the access control list (ACL).
• The ComponentAccessControl, ApplicationAccessControl, SecureMethod, and SecurityRole attributes can be implemented in a component for configuring security.
• Use the NegotiateStream class of the System.Net.Security namespace to provide a stream that uses the Negotiate security protocol for a client authentication. Use the SslStream class of the System.Net.Security namespace to provide a stream that uses the Secure Socket Layer (SSL) security protocol to authenticate the server and optionally a client.
• Use the Express Messaging to deliver the message successfully. The Express Messaging is a type of message delivery method that store messages in the Random Access Memory (RAM).
• Use the XmlMessageFormatter class to serialize and deserialize objects to or from the body of a message.
• Use overloaded BeginPeek method of the MessageQueue class to begin peeking a message from a message queue.
• Use an overloaded BeginReceive method of the MessageQueue class to begin receiving a message from a message queue.
• Create a public transactional message queue using the MessageQueueTransactional class.
• Create a private transactional message queue using the MessageQueueTransactional class.
• A sequence diagram shows object interaction during execution. It is used to determine the lifetime of objects and shows the message exchange between them.
• The UrlAuthorizationModule class of the System.Web.Security namespace is used to provide URL-based authorization services to allow or deny access to specified resources.
• Create an application and configure it on all the computers, thereby ensuring that they are always protected against virus attacks.
• The SerializableAttribute attribute specifies whether or not a class can be serialized. The Marshal-by-value objects are remotable objects that implement the ISerializable interface.
• The TcpChannel, TcpClientChannel, and TcpServerChannel classes are used to authenticate as well as encrypt data for secure data communication.
• Data archiving is a process of removing unnecessary data from one database to another or to other storage devices. The archived data can be stored either online or offline.
• Securables are used within SQL Server to assign permissions to users.
• Use the [ClassInterface(ClassInterfaceType.AutoDual)] attribute to define the COM-based component class to ensure that the component class is built without any error.
• Use the ISerializable interface to create a custom marshal-by-value component that encapsulates sensitive data.
• The serviced component in a COM application is hosted by assigning a strong name to the assembly, registering the assembly in the Windows registry, and registering and installing the type library definitions in a COM application.
• The AddHandler method is used to add a delegate to a list.
• Use the Semaphore class to create a semaphore that can satisfy up to three concurrent requests.
• FormatException is thrown when the format of a method argument or parameter does not match with the format of the corresponding parameter type. SynchronizationLockException is thrown when unsynchronized code invokes a synchronized method. ConfigurationException is thrown when an invalid setting is encountered in a configuration file.
• If a Resume Next statement is executed in the error-handling routine of a procedure, execution returns to the statement after the call to another procedure.
• The ExecuteScalar method of the SqlCommand class is used to execute query commands that return a single value such as an average from a data source irrespective of the number of rows actually selected.
• The NextResult method of the SqlDataReader class is used to process multiple results that are generated by executing a stored procedure.
• The IsolationLevel enumeration specifies the transaction locking behavior for a connection.
• When IsolationLevel is specified as a parameter for the BeginTransaction method of the SqlConnection class, the method begins the transaction with the specified isolation level. If the Serializable value is specified for the IsolationLevel enumeration, it prevents more than one user from updating the dataset until the transaction is complete.
• The DataRelation class is used to relate two DataTable objects to each other through DataColumn objects.
• The GetErrors method of the DataTable class returns an array of DataRow objects that have errors.
• The HasErrors property of the DataTable class returns a value that specifies whether any error exists in any rows of the data table.
• The IDataAdapter interface allows an object to implement the DataAdapter class.
• Use the ServicedComponent class of the System.EnterpriseServices namespace. A serviced component is a .NET component that uses component services of COM, such as object pooling, transaction management, etc.
• The ResourceManager class provides access to culture-specific resources at runtime. It looks up culture-specific resources, provides resource fallback when a localized resource does not exist, and supports resource serialization.
• There are different types of entity dependencies between tables such as one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many relationships.
• Create a component that acts as an in-memory cache of relational data and enable users to access tables and columns by name, instead of using collection-based methods.
• Use the DataSet object to create a component that reads data from a database and returns data from multiple tables as an XML stream.
• Create an application that populates a DataSet from related Customers and Orders tables, and ensure that when a Customer row is deleted from the DataSet, the child Orders rows are also deleted.
• If an error occurs on executing a stored procedure, a SQL Server returns an error or warning. This throws an exception of type SqlException.
• A profile assigned to a user takes effect only after the user starts a new session. Initially, all resources in the DEFAULT profile are set to UNLIMITED.
• A user who is a member of the db_ddladmin database role can add, modify, or drop objects at the database level.
• The db_dtsltduser fixed-database role secures the SSIS packages that are stored in the MSDB database.
• Add the Windows Media Player control to a Web page. The Windows Media Player control is a COM component that runs on the client.
• In order to change the format of the sound file so that the file can be played before it is completely downloaded on a client computer, you will choose the ASF multimedia file format for the sound file because ASF uses streaming media technology.
• Video on Demand (VOD) is a video streaming format that uses buffers to allow a file to start playing before it is completely downloaded.

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Designing and Developing an Application Framework

• The IsValid property of the CustomValidator control is used to indicate whether or not an input control passes validation.
• Registering a serviced component either using manual registration, dynamic registration, or programmatic registration.

A publisher policy configuration file contains compatibility information issued by the publisher of a shared component.

Add a Page directive to a .aspx page in order to make it work properly.

• Implement a strong audit policy on a domain controller to monitor intrusion, virus attack, and unauthorized changes to confidential files.
• The events of the Control class occur in the following order:
  1. Enter
  2. GotFocus
  3. Leave
  4. Validating
  5. Validated
  6. LostFocus
• Normalizing data and applying indexes on tables in a database improves an application’s performance.

The ChildItems property retrieves a MenuItemCollection object that contains the submenu items of the current menu.

• Shortcut keys or accelerator keys are keys or key combinations that users can press for quick access to actions they perform frequently.
• The following are the appropriate conditions on the basis of which the referential integrity rules are applied:
  1. When changes such as edit or deletion are made in the Customer table records.
  2. When changes made in the Customer table are either accepted or rejected.
  3. When new records are added to a Customer table.
• The Text property of the MenuItem class specifies the text to be displayed as the caption for a menu item.
• The AlternateText property of an Image control is used to specify an alternate text to display in the Image control. This text is displayed in the Image control when the image specified by the ImageUrl property is not available.
• Source control events occur when a mouse pointer triggers some action on a source control.
• Target control events occur when a mouse pointer triggers some action on a target control.
• The ResetCommandTimeout method of the SqlCommand class is used to reset the CommandTimeout property to the default value, i.e., 30 seconds.
• The SqlDataReader object is used to store the return results from a procedure call.
• A stored procedure is a group of Transact-SQL statements compiled into a single execution plan. It can be used to implement business logic or as a security mechanism, but it is not executed automatically.
• The ExecuteScalar method of the SqlCommand class is used to execute query commands that return a single value such as an average from a data source irrespective of the number of rows actually selected.
• The xml data type is a built-in data type in SQL Server 2005. As with other built-in data types, such as int and varchar, a user can define the xml data type on a column when he creates a table.
• The DefaultTraceListener class is automatically included in the Listeners collection. Its default function is to output debugging or tracing messages, such as Write and WriteLine messages, to the OutputDebugString function and to the Debugger.Log method that appear in the output window.
• The OleDbConnection class represents an open connection to a data source. It is used to represent a unique session to an OLEDB data source, or to a Microsoft SQL Server 6.x database or earlier.
• The OleDbCommand class represents a stored procedure or a SQL statement to execute at a data source.
• The Database property of the OleDbConnection class is used to get the name of the current database.
• The SqlConnection.BeginTransaction(IsolationLevel) method is used to begin a transaction with a specified isolation level and the IsolationLevel attribute specifies the transaction locking behavior for a connection.
• The ExecuteScalar method of the SqlCommand class is used to execute a query. It retrieves the first column of the first row in a result set.
• Initialize a Command object in such a way that it uses a stored procedure and returns the details of a table with a value.
• The @ OutputCache directive controls the output caching policies of an ASP.NET page or a user control contained in an ASP.NET page.
• The EventLog class is used to interact with Windows event logs. The Source property of the EventLog class is used to specify the source name to register and use when writing to the event log.
• Use the Enter, GotFocus, and Validating events to validate the values entered by users in each control.
• The security policy levels in hierarchical order are Enterprise policy, Machine policy, User policy, and Application domain policy.
• A stateful environment opens a connection between the Web browser and the Web server. It stores data between Web requests. On the other hand, a stateless environment closes a connection between the Web browser and the Web server. Data of a Web browser request is not stored on the Web server.
• Create an ASP.NET Web application and write logs directly or indirectly by using the Internet Information Services (IIS).

Testing and Stabilizing an Application

• Trace.axd is an Http Handler that can be used to view the trace details for an application. It resides in the application’s root directory.
• The Data breakpoint breaks the execution of a program and causes the program to change the value of a variable available in the source code of an application.
• A development team creates frequent builds of each application component for testing and reviewing application code.
• A team should review all the usage scenarios required for data elements in a Use case.
• The goal of deployment includes the deployment of an application technology and components, and the transition of the project to the operation and support team. Finally, the development team conducts a project review and obtains customer approval of the project.
• A DataReader object not only retrieves a read-only, forward-only stream of data from a database but also offers better performance than reading data into a DataSet object.
• Create a unit test strategy by implementing Regression and White box testing.
• Create a unit test strategy by including Black box testing and create a test plan and design, and review the design.
• An application has been moved to the integration testing phase, and a decision has been made to release it with partial functionality without waiting until all the components have been developed by using Top-down and Bottom-up testing.
• Create integration tests for Umbrella and Stress testing and for testing scenarios with the different globalization settings.
• Developed a Data Access Logic (DAL) component that will be part of a distributed application and conduct system testing with other components of the distributed application.
• The Regression testing is used to make sure that no new errors are found in an application. It can be performed any time when a program needs to be modified either to add a feature or to fix an error.
• Testing a software aims at fulfilling each and every requirement specified in the software specification.
• A test plan can be defined as a formal document that guarantees that the software has been tested thoroughly, meets user requirements, and has no defects.
• During the planning phase, the testing team creates a test plan and a pilot plan that will be used during the stabilizing phase.
• Create an application and analyze test results to determine the overall health of the application by measuring the code converge ratio and ratio of tests that passed.
• Users are required in case of the User acceptance testing, Alpha testing, and Beta testing.
• Users are not required in case of the Functional, Stress, Load, Ad-hoc, Exploratory, Usability, Smoke, Recovery, and Volume testing.
• Use the CHECK constraint to ensure that columns in tables must meet a specific condition that is evaluated to a Boolean value.
• Design a database to minimize data storage inside a table to reduce Input and Output (I/O) operations in the database on server side.
• Regression testing can be performed any time when a program needs to be modified either to add a feature or to fix an error.
• When an application is developed, it is required to ensure that the application is defect free and fulfills the requirements for which it was developed. Therefore, developers perform various levels of testing on an application.
• White box testing includes designing tests such that every line of the source code is executed at least once or that every function is tested individually.
• Build verification testing is used to identify errors during the application build process. This testing is executed after the application code is executed.
• Unit testing or internal coverage testing is a low-level testing processthat ensures that the solution meets the functional specification.
• Perform White box and Black box testing to identify potential security-related issues.
• You create a component that is promoted to the testing environment for integration testing. You need to verify whether the component works as expected by checking Event Log for exception messages, statistics from the component services Distributed Transactions Coordinator, and databases during tests.
• The Data Access Logic (DAL) component is part of a distributed application. It conducts integration testing with other components of the distributed application.
• Develop a Data Access Logic (DAL) component that will be a part of a distributed application, and conduct testing with other components of the distributed application. Reduce the cost of developing the application by eliminating the cost of rectifying errors after the application has been deployed.
• Create an ASP.NET Web application using Visual Studio .NET 2005, and conduct a testing with other components of the Web application by choosing the appropriate phases that are involved in a testing method.
• Use phases of the software development life cycle to create an ASP.NET Web application.
• Use the EventLogTraceListener class to direct tracing or debugging output to the event log.
• Use the top-down and bottom-up integration testing methods to test an application with minimum use of drivers and stubs.
• Debugger (Cordbg.exe) is a tool that provides command-line debugging services. It uses runtime Debug API to debug managed code.
• The Output debugging window is used to display status messages at runtime. Its content is cleared each time the application is compiled or run.
• The Watch window is used to see the values of variables within different scopes, i.e., module level, procedure level, and global variables.
• The Call Stack debugging window is used for viewing the list of currently active procedure calls.
• The QuickWatch dialog box is used to quickly examine and evaluate variables and expressions for debugging.

Deploying and Supporting an Application

• Use Microsoft Operations Manager, Windows System Monitor, and SQL Profiler to monitor performance spikes in an application in a deployment environment.
• Use Windows System Monitor to identify spikes inside a component and to get notification if the average time to process messages reaches a certain level.
• Use System Monitor and Microsoft Operations Manager to collect information from the custom performance counters inside a component when the component is running on a production server.
• Use performance counters to track user and connection activity. This type of monitoring can be useful for determining the number of users accessing an application.
• The System Monitor is used to track key performance counters while executing the Web application.
• Different performance counters are used to track various kinds of information related to process, ASP.NET, ASP.NET application, and Web services objects.
• The performance counter mechanism is used to monitor the performance of all the Web applications during the execution period.
• Use the memory counter to measure the memory requirements to upgrade a current server as follows: Memory: Pages/sec, Memory: Available Bytes, SQL Server: Buffer Manager: Buffer Cache Hit Ratio, Physical Disk: Disk Reads/sec, Physical Disk: Disk Writes/sec.
• Use the System Monitor, SQL Profiler, and SQL Query Analyzer to deploy a component in a production environment and monitor the connection usage of a SQL Server database.
• The amount of disk usage is measured in an application and also is identified how a disk handles read and write operations or system input/output (I/O) operations.
• The Health Monitor is used when an application is monitored, as it allows a user to record details about events rather than just record the values of specific data counters.
• Health Monitoring uses API in order to log all events to an ASP.NET Web application event log.
• Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) uses a combination of public key and symmetric encryption to provide communication privacy, authentication, and message integrity.
• Use the % Processor Time performance counter to report the percentage of time a processor is running non-idle threads.
• Use the Page Faults/sec counter to monitor memory statistics of a computer. It reports the number of page faults per second. A page fault occurs when a program fails to find a page in the memory.
• Develop a serviced component that will be deployed to the production environment by using the XCOPY command with the help of the Regsvcs.exe tool.
• The File System Editor is used to add project outputs and files to a deployment project.
• The resources involved during the deployment of an application are Development lead, Development team, Quality assurance representative, Decision maker, Windows Administrator, Network Administrator, Database Administrator, and End user.
• The XCOPY deployment, Copy Web Site tool, and Web Setup project deployment methods are used to deploy an application.
• The Web setup project can be used to deploy the application to a remote server.
• An application is contained within a single solution file, but it actually consists of multiple projects.
• Create an UML diagram by considering the Interface, Component, Data Store, Data Flow, Dependency, Control Flow factors.
• Create an application flow-logic diagram that will be used to plan an application’s deployment.
• Use all the phases of software development life cycle in application development.
• Basic authentication is used to authenticate users on the Internet and enables a browser to prompt the user for a username and password.
• Enable tracing for a page when the page has been deployed to a remote server to view the execution time of page events.

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